Which “Chinese” language it refers to here, however, remains vague and unaccounted for-not unlike the other hypotheses on the genesis of the word “pidgin”. McWhorter, Defining Creoles.If you look up the word pidgin online, you’ll come to understand that it likely came into being in the late 19 th century from the “ Chinese transliteration of the English word business” ( Online Etymology Dictionary). This gap in argumentation alone renders the linkage of Black English aspect to Africa and creoles seriously incomplete, which is all the more significant given that there is indeed evidence that nonstandard British dialects are more aspect-focused than standard English (Trugdill and Chambers 1991)."
Second, typical of Creolist Hypothesis advocates' generally insufficient attention to English dialects, the aspect arguments do not address the role that aspect in nonstandard British dialects may have played. For one, tense plays a much more central role in Black English grammar than in Creoles or the West African languages of the 'Upper Guinea' region, underlyingly marking the past and future as obligatorily as any Indo-European grammar (cf. "s for various arguments that Black English displays African or creole roots because of the role that aspect plays in its grammar (e.g., DeBose and Faraclas 1993), the issue is in fact not yet sufficiently examined to stand as an accepted fact. by Keith Brown and Sarah Ogilvie. Elsevier, 2009 ( Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, ed. Today you can still hear in normal everyday conversations such African retentions as buckra 'white man,' tita 'elder sister,' dada 'mother or elder sister,' nyam 'eat/meat,' sa 'quickly,' benne 'sesame,' una 'you,' and da the verb 'to be.' Other Gullah Africanisms such as cooter 'turtle,' tote 'to carry,' okra 'plant food,' gumbo 'stew,' and goober 'peanut' are widely used in mainstream American English." From his research conducted in the late 1930s, Lorenzo Turner was the first linguist to document over 4000 Africanisms in the Gullah lexicon, many of them used as basket names (e.g. "The Gullah lexicon is largely English. (A Gullah proverb, from The Gullah People and Their African Heritage, 2005) "On possible to get straight wood from crooked timber." Mufwene, "North American Varieties of English as Byproducts of Population Contacts," in The Workings of Language, ed. Of all the vernaculars associated with African Americans, it is the one that diverges the most from (White) middle-class varieties in North America." "The English variety spoken by descendants of Africans on the coast of South Carolina is known as Gullah and has been identified as a creole.
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